8 Common Urinary Problems in Dogs Explained by Dr. Amanda Simonson, Veterinarian (DVM)

Understanding the Canine Urinary System

A dog’s urinary system includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. These organs are responsible for filtering toxins from the blood, balancing electrolytes like sodium and potassium, and reabsorbing water. Urine is produced as a by-product of these functions. Unfortunately, problems can occur anywhere along the urinary tract, ranging from mild infections to serious conditions such as cancer.

Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs)

Urinary tract infections are among the most common urinary issues in dogs, usually affecting the bladder or urethra. Dogs with UTIs may strain to urinate, pass small amounts of urine frequently, or show blood in the urine. Bacteria are the primary cause, but underlying issues such as crystals, stones, or bladder tumors can also contribute.

Bladder Infections in Dogs

Bladder infections are fairly common and generally treatable with prescription medication. Dogs may drink more water than usual and show signs of discomfort when urinating. Monitoring their drinking habits and urination patterns can help detect problems early.

Lower Urinary Tract Disease

The term “lower urinary tract disease” refers to different conditions affecting the bladder or urethra. Some dogs suffer from infections, while others may have inflammation without infection (sterile cystitis). Although the symptoms may look similar, treatment depends on the underlying cause.

Bladder Stones in Dogs

Bladder stones can be very dangerous if left untreated. While small stones may go unnoticed at first, they can block the urethra and prevent urine from passing. This can cause the bladder to rupture, leading to life-threatening complications. Common signs include straining or frequent attempts to urinate while passing only small amounts.

Bladder Cancer in Dogs

The most common bladder cancer in dogs is transitional cell carcinoma, which usually develops in the trigone area of the bladder. Symptoms include straining to urinate, passing small amounts frequently, and blood in the urine. This type of cancer can be extremely painful and requires veterinary care.

Urinary Incontinence

Urinary incontinence, or the inability to control urination, is most often seen in female dogs but can also occur in males. It typically appears as urine leakage while the dog is resting or sleeping. The condition is often caused by weak bladder sphincter muscles.

Kidney Failure in Dogs

Kidney failure may develop from infections, toxins, certain medications, injuries, or cancer. When the kidneys lose their function, dogs may drink more water, urinate excessively, lose weight, show reduced appetite, and sometimes suffer from vomiting or diarrhea.

Less Common Urinary Conditions

Other urinary issues include kidney infections (pyelonephritis), kidney stones, proteinuria, and bladder dysfunction caused by nerve-related problems. Diseases in other body systems can also affect the urinary tract, such as prostate disease in males, pyometra in females, diabetes, and Cushing’s disease.

Recognizing the Symptoms

As a pet parent, it’s important to monitor your dog’s normal eating, drinking, and bathroom habits. Signs of urinary problems may include straining to urinate, drinking too much or too little water, blood in the urine, or frequent accidents in the house.

Causes of Urinary Problems

Urinary issues can occur in dogs of all ages, breeds, and genders. Causes may include bacteria, genetics, obesity, poor hygiene, or dietary imbalances. While some factors can be prevented with proper care, others require ongoing management.

How Veterinarians Diagnose Urinary Issues

Since many urinary problems share similar symptoms, a proper diagnosis is essential. Veterinarians usually begin with a urinalysis, followed by bloodwork, urine culture, X-rays, or ultrasound if needed. In more complex cases, advanced procedures such as endoscopy or biopsy may be recommended.

Treatment Options

Treatment depends on the type and severity of the condition. Some issues may resolve with medication or diet changes, while others require surgical intervention. Seeking veterinary advice as soon as symptoms appear ensures the best outcome.

Recovery and Long-Term Care

With the right treatment, most dogs can recover and return to their normal routines. Regular follow-up visits and annual exams are essential for monitoring urinary health. Keeping your pet at a healthy weight, maintaining hygiene, and ensuring access to fresh water at all times are vital for preventing future problems.